What is a Channel in LTE? The information flows between the different protocols layers are known as channels. These are used to segregate the different types of data and allow them to be transported across different layers. These channels provide interfaces to each layers within the LTE protocol stack and enable an orderly and defined segregation … Read more
HARQ stands for Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request. HARQ = ARQ + FEC (Forward Error Correction)/Soft Combining. ARQ refers to Automatic Repeat Request i.e. if sender doesn’t receive Acknowledgement (ACK) before timeout, the receiver discards the bad packet and sender shall re-transmits the packet. ARQ procedure is illustrated below : Soft Combining is an error correction technique in which the bad packets … Read more
What is a LTE Scheduler ? Scheduling is a process through which eNodeB decides which UEs should be given resources (RBs), how much resource (RBs) should be given to send or receive data .In LTE, scheduling is done at per subframe basis i.e. every 1 mili second. The entity which is govern this is know … Read more
LTE Bands and Available Bandwidth Band Uplink-fmin Uplink-fmax Downlink-fmin Downlink-fmax Available Bandwidth Duplex Mode Remark 1 1920 MHz 1980 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz 60 MHz FDD 2 1850 MHz 1910 MHz 1910 MHz 1990 MHz 80 MHz FDD 3 1710 MHz 1785 MHz 1805 MHz 1880 MHz 75 MHz FDD 4 … Read more
Feature Group Indicators (FGI bits) Feature Group Indicator (FGI) is a special Information Element (IE) within UE Capability Information message. The parameters other than FGI in UE Capability Information message provides information about physical layer capability e.g. UE-Category, supported Bands, Carrier Aggregation band combination etc. Feature Group Indicator provides information about radio protocol aspects. FGI information is used … Read more
Cell Re selection is a procedure used to change the cell after the UE is camped on a cell and stays in the Idle mode.This procedure is used to let the UE get camped on a cell which has the best radio conditions among all the other cells on which the UE is allowed to … Read more
Maximum Coupling Loss has been chosen by 3GPP as the metric to evaluate coverage of a radio access technology. In theory, it can be defined as the maximum loss in the conducted power level that a system can tolerate and still be operational (defined by a minimum acceptable received power level). MCL can be calculated … Read more
As per 3GPP reference 36.104 release 12, there are four classes for the base stations based on the rated power is listed below S.No. 3GPP Base station Class Rated O/p Tx Power Base Station Type 1 Wide Area Base Station No Upper limited defined by 3GPP, Max power is restricted by local Regulatory Macro Cell … Read more
A Short comparison of 5G and 4G technologies is given is table below Technology Data Rates Latency Mobility Support Spectrum Efficiency Users Density Energy Efficiency 5G (NR) Avg 100 Mb/s Peak 20 Gb/s ~ 1 ms > 500 Km/h x3 Better DL- 30 bits/Hz UL- 15bits/Hz 1000K/square Km x100 Better 4G (LTE) Avg 25 Mb/s … Read more
A LTE NIB is a compact box that includes an eNodeB base station and integrated EPC or Mini-EPC. NIB offers standard authorized IP connectivity for LTE users. NIB can integrate additional components such as IMS to provide services like Voice over LTE and push-to-talk . The local Mini EPC can also serve limited neighboring eNodeBs (Four-Five), if … Read more